To achieve meaningful progress on UHC, major improvements will be required in health financing. The amount of government spending on health, i.e., health expenditure, has crucial public health implications. Inadequate government spending on health can result in a lack of quality health services, cost barriers that discourage people from accessing necessary care, or even financial catastrophe, leading to discontinued healthcare utilization. There is also significant heterogeneity in people's vulnerability to constantly changing health financing policies. The rising health needs of populations and increased healthcare expenditure also pose a significant health equity challenge.